A dark note Chernobyl, not only have bad effects of nuclear radiation on people living in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine alone, but throughout Europe. The day was recorded on April 26, 1986, Kiev residents were surprised by a thunderous explosion as if the sky is falling. Explosion is spewing out pieces of the reactor core to 1500 meters into the sky and clouds transmit 70 per cent toxic to the European mainland. Total radioactivity from the Chernobyl explosion, from WHO records, an estimated 200 times more radiation from the nuclear bombing of Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Due to Nuclear Radiation And Impact

Nuclear radiation is not only dangerous in time of war, but it was frightening at the time of peace. Nuclear energy is a powerful source of radiation hazard was apparently still powerful as a horrible mass murderer. A risk that must be accepted, from the fruit of human desire for more power than others.

Are the effects of nuclear radiation on humans. What diseases can result from what nuclear radiation? . Let us refer to …!

1. The spread of nuclear radiation measuring 100 REMS (in terms of nuclear size) will damage the circulatory system causing blood lymphocytes will be reduced. Early symptoms are shortness of breath.
2. Spread radiation over a 200 REMS to cause hair loss quickly, damage to the intestinal tract resulting in nausea, mules, vomiting and diarrhea. At this power, radiation can cause damage to birth canal.
3. Nuclear radiation measuring Rems 1000 until 5000 could result in damage to blood vessels and can cause heart failure and stops functioning and result in death This is very dangerous.
4. Direct radiation is larger than 5000 Rems will cause damage to brain cells, in addition to paralyze the nerve cells also damage blood vessels in the heart.
5. In certain amount of radioactive iodine can destroy part or all of the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism (energy production) in humans.
6. Impact of nuclear radiation effects of the bombing of Japan according to the atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima indicate the victim can only survive in a timeframe of 10 years and long-term risk of cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma.

Currently our government to monitor the effects of nuclear radiation which may terjadai Japanese post-burst in the Post-Tsunami in Japan, which has led to the nuclear reactor power pembakit sunrise country was on fire.

Impact of Nuclear Radiation in Japan not only affect the country, but the Pacific countries could have an effect. Consult your medicine if you feel like the symptoms mentioned above from the Japanese nuclear radiation effects.

UDP protocol or extension of the User Data gram Protocol. UDP protocol running over IP networks. In UDP, the message will be sent in the form of datagrams. In contrast to the known TCP three way handshaking (3 handshake lines), the UDP there is no handshaking (no relation) between the two processes that take place before any data transfer at the end of the system.

In computer networks, giving customers a function of UDP data transfer is unreliable where when the process sends a message in the form of datagrams, and UDP protocol does not guarantee the delivery of a specific message / datagram to the socket (end node) in the receiving system. Gram data may arrive with broken on the receiving end and thus the receiver on the end system can accept data that could be damaged and the receiver end can receive the packet before the packet number 3 and number 2 is likely also receive a datagram twice.

Understanding the UDP protocol is a stateless protocol (no place) therefore, the server in this case used in the handling of multiple clients at a time. So the broadcast and multicast are available with the UDP. UDP provides no flow control (flow control) and congestion control (congestion control), this means that the current boom as quickly as desired, but this situation should be handled by the application program.

Structure Data Gram Protocol UDP

eight (8) The first byte contains the datagram header information and the remaining bytes contain the message data. UDP datagram header consists of four (4) areas with each having a size equal to two bytes:

1. Source port number
2. Destination port numbers
3. Datagram size
4. Checksum

Source Port:

Size of 16 bits from 0 to 15. This port number indicates the sender. Removed to zero if not used.

The destination port number:

This size is also 16 bits. This port number tells the story of the port to the packet destination.

Length:

The size of this field is 16 bits. This field indicates the length in bytes of UDP header and encapsulated data. Minimum value for this field is 8. Practical limit to the length of the data imposed by IPv4 protocol used is 65.507 byte (65535-8 byte UDP header – 20 bytes of IP header)

Checksum:

UDP checksums to verify integrity through the application. Multicast is used for error checking the headers and data. If the checksum is omitted in the IPv4, using the Zero all fields

UDP and TCP protocols Differences

UDP and TCP protocol differences, if the TCP is a protocol-oriented konesksi a reliable and offers a data transfer to other computers free of errors, used in conjunction with Internet Protocol (IP) to transfer data in packets between computers over the Internet, Receive Window, field used by the receiver to tell the sender how much buffer space available in the receiver. Instead UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not have the reliability, windowing, and no function if the data is received correctly. UDP UDP is multiplexed in the same way as TCP. But the difference lies in the transport protocol used, the UDP protocol. An application can open the same port number on a single host, but one uses TCP and UDP-one else uses this unusual, but diizinkann. If a service supports TCP and UDP, it uses the same value for UDP and TCP port number

Another difference TCP and UDP, the Field Sequence Number (The sequence number field 32-bit sequence number and 32-bit acknowledgment number field) is used by the TCP sender and receiver in implementing a data transfer service that is reliable, otherwise UDP has the advantage of not using sequence and acknowledgment fields. Kekuraungan TCP than UDP is TCP uses the extra byte UDP so much more than can be said to have excess UDP TCP is the most obvious of additional bytes less. In addition, the UDP protocol does not need to wait for acceptance or store data in memory until the data is received. This means that UDP applications are not slowed by the admissions process and the memory can be freed more quickly.

UDP and TCP protocols equation

TCP and UDP protocols equation, both provide the same functionality with TCP, such as multiplexing and transfer data, but it does so with fewer extra byte in the UDP header. UDP UDP is multiplexed in the same way as TCP

UDP protocol is often used for streaming multimedia applications without tolerance and sensitivity levels. Domain Name System (DNS) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Also using the UDP protocol.

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and the IP – Internet Protocol are the two different network protocols, but they are often used simultaneously, TCP / IP has become the standard terminology that refers to one or both of these protocols. IP is layer of the network (Layer 3) of the OSI model, whereas TCP-Transmission Control Protocol is the Transport layer (Layer to 4) in the OSI reference model layer. The following figure shows the reference model Layer TCP / IP and OSI reference model.

Layer Model TCP / IP does not have the session and presentation layer. It is therefore not necessary to be observed, so they are excluded. Remember that TCP is only running on the machine end and therefore they do not exist on the router or the internal network
TCP functions

Transmission Control Protocol Connection offers the following service functions

A. Full Duplex Data Transfer:

the application level data can be transmitted on both of the two hosts. For example, if an existing TCP connection between the adi one end system / b end system machines and other processes, then the application level data can flow from a to b at the same time

2. Point To Point Connection (point to point connection)

Transmission Control Protocol connections are always point-to-point, ie, between one sender and one receiver. Data transmission from one sender to multiple recipients at once is not possible if adopted by the TCP connection.

3. Error Control: (Error Control)

Transmission Control Protocol offers a data transfer to other computers free of errors. To routing efficient, data is divided into packets and forwarded to each internet layer. At the destination, the TCP-receiver to reconstruct the message receive output stream.

4. Flow Control (Flow Control)

Transmission Control Protocol also handles flow control to ensure fast sender does not transmit data at a higher level of acceptance rate receiver.

5. Three Way Handshake

Client first sends a TCP segment-specific; server responds with a TCP segment-specific second, and finally the client responds again with a special segment of the third. The first two segments do not contain application-layer data (the application layer data) the three segments can carry multiple data applications. Because the three segments that are sent between two hosts, the connection establishment procedure is often called the Three Way Handshake (3-Way Handshake). Once the TCP connection is established, both the application process can send data to each other.

Segment structure TCPTransmission Control Protocol

• The unit of transmission in the TCP segment is called a diagram. below shows the structures of 32-bit segment.
• TCP-Header Length field indicates the length of the header.
• URG (urgent): This bit is asset to 1 if there is important information in transit.
• The Sequence Number Field (Bidang32-bit sequence number sequence number and the 32-bit acknowledgment number field is used by TCP-sender and receiver in implementing a data transfer service is reliable.
• The Flags Field: This field contains 6 bits. ACK bit is used to demonstrate the value of acknowledgment field which do not invalid. RST, SYN and FIN bit used for connection setup and termination respectively.
• Source and Destination port numbers (source and destination port numbers), used for multiplexing / demultiplexing of data from and to the application layer
• Receive Window, a field that is used by the receiver to tell the sender how much buffer space available in the receiver.
•     * Checksum error checking value to indicate to ensure the security and integrity of the segment.

TCP Maximum Segment

The maximum segment is the largest block of data sent Transmission Control Protocol to the other. Each end can announce the MSS during connection establishment. The default is 576 bytes, including 20 bytes for the IP header and 20 bytes for the TCP-header. Showed MSS 1460 byte Ethernet IEEE 802.3 while the show 1452

Understanding TCP-Transmission Control Protocol is a protocol-oriented konesksi a reliable, used in conjunction with Internet Protocol (IP) to transfer data in packets on the network computers via the Internet. IP (Internet Protocol) to take care of handling the actual delivery of data while TCP handles ari / track packages.

Figure below shows a typical ring topology network with one computer server and four workstations. Failure of one computer can impact the entire network of computers.

One method of transmitting data around the ring is called token passing. (Understanding Token is a bit special series that runs on token ring networks. Each network has only one token ..) token is passed from computer to computer until it reaches the computer that has data to send. Bottom figures show the token ring topology with a token. Modify the token sending computer, place the electronic address on the data, and sends it around the ring.
Data pass through each computer until it finds one with an address corresponding to the address on the data. The computer that receives the message to the sender computer indicating that the data has been received. After verification, the sending computer to make a new token and running it on the network. Token circulates in the ring until the workstation needs to send data. It might seem that token passing will take a long time, but the token is actually moving at approximately the speed of light. A token can surround the ring diameter of 200 m about 477 376 times per second.

Ring network topology tends to be inefficient when compared to the star network topology because the data must travel through one or more point before reaching the destination. For example, if the ring topology has eight computers on the network, for example if a computer sends data to the computer 4 then must travel through the computer 2 and 3, until ketujuan to the computer 4. It is also a computer can be via a computer 8, 7, 6 and 5 to reach to the destination computer (Computer 4) four, but this method is slower as it travels through more computers.

Pros And Cons Ring Topology

Advantages and disadvantages of each form of the network is no exception to the ring topology, depending on the effectiveness of transmitting data in addition to the efficiency factor in terms of its economic form of computer network

Ring Topology advantages:

Data transmission is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only.

Disadvantages Topolgi Ring

Data packets must pass through every computer between the sender and the receiver therefore it makes it more slowly.

Ring network topology also has a weakness, if one node in the network is damaged then the entire network will be damaged due to the ring network topology requires a full circle of track in order to function.
Conclusion Ring Network Topology

Understanding the layout of the Ring Topology for LAN network where every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes.

Typically, all messages travel through the ring in the same direction. Topolgi ring has a scheme in which a single network cable wiring sequence connecting all the nodes and form a closed loop. A data packet starts from the origin node is checked by the next active node if the destination node address does not match then be copied, if and subsequently regenerated forwarded to the next node until it reaches back to the origin node and will be discarded.

Distances than the ring topology is the vulnerability of other computer network topology. A failure in the wiring or faulty loop will bring down the entire segment. Another disadvantage of ring topology is that if one component is added or removed from the ring, ring segments become damaged and fail. This is a major weakness in the ring topology.